话语分析 [Discourse Analysis] 下载 mobi epub pdf 电子书 2024

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内容简介

Disourse analysis is a term which has come to have different interpretations for scholars working in different disciplines. For a sociolinguist. it is concerned mainly with the structure of social interactionmanifested in conversation; for a psycholinguist， it is primarily concerned with the nature of comprehension of short written texts; for the computational linguist， it is concerned with producing operational models of text-understanding within highly limited contexts. In this textbook， the authors provide an extensive overview of the many and diverse approaches to the study of discourse， but base their own approach centrally on the discipline which， to varying degrees， is common to them all - linguistics. Using a methodology which has much in common with descriptive linguistics， they offer a lucid and wide-ranging account of how forms of language are used in communication.
Their principal concern is to examine how any language produced by man， whether spoken or written， is used to communicate for a purpose in a context. The discussion is carefully illustrated throughout by a wide variety of discourse types(conversations recorded in different social situations， extracts from newspapers， notices， contemporary fiction， graffiti， etc.). The techniques of analysis are described and exemplified in sufficient detail for the student to be able to apply them to any language in context that he or she encounters.
A familiarity with elementary linguistics is assumed， but the range of issues discussed in conjunction with the variety of exemplifcation presented will made this a valuable and stimulating textbook not only for students of linguistics， but for any reader who ishes to investigate the principles underlying the use of language i natural contexts to communicate and understand intended meaning.
This book makes for absorbing reading. It is very well-written， inspiring and clear. It isindispensable literature for anyone working in the field of discourse analysis. Journal ofSemantics.

目录

Preface by Halliday
王宗炎序
导读
Preface
Acknowledgements
Transcription conventions
1 Introduction： linguistic forms and functions
1.1 The functions of language
1. 1. 1 The transactional view
1.1.2 The interactional view
1.2 Spoken and written language
1.2.1 Manner of production
1.2.2 The representation of discourse： texts
1.2.3 Written texts
1.2.4 Spoken texts
1.2.5 The relationship between speech and writing
1.2.6 Differences informbetween written and spoken language
1.3 Sentence and utterance
1.3.1 On data"
1.3.2 Rules versus regularities
1.3.3 Product versus process
1.3.4 On context

2 The role of context in interpretation
2.1 Pragmatics and discourse context
2.1.1 Reference
2.1.2 Presupposition
2.1.3 Implicatures
2.1.4 Inference
2.2 The context of situation
2.2.1 Features of context
2.2.2 Co-text
2.3 The expanding context
2.4 The principles of local interpretation and of analogy

3 Topic and the representation of discourse content
3. 1Discourse fragments and the notion topic
3.2 Sentential topic
3.3 Discourse topic
3.3. 1Topic framework
3.3.2 Presupposition pools
3.3.3 Sentential topic and the presupposition pool
3.4 Relevance and speaking topically
3.5 Speakers topic
3.6 Topic boundary markers
3.6. 1 Paragraphs
3.6.2 Paratones
3.7 Discourse topic and the representation of discourse content
3.8 Problems with the proposition-based representation of discourse content
3.9 Memory for text-content： story-grammars
3.10 Representing text-content as a network

4 Staging and the representation of discourse struc-ture
4 1 The linearisation problem
4.2 Theme
4.3 Thematisation and staging
4.3. 1Staging
4.3.aTheme as main charactertopic entity
4.3.3 Titles and thematisation
4.3-4 Thematic structure
4.3.5 Natural order and point of view
4.3.6 Theme， thematisation and staging

5 Information structure
5.1The structure of information
5.1.1Information structure and the notion givennew in intonation
5.t.2 Hallidays account of information structure： informationunits
5.1.3 ttallidays account of information structure： tone groups and tonics
5.1.4 Identifying the tone group
5.1.5 The tone group and the clause
5.1.6 Pause-defined units
5.1.7 The function of pitch prominence
5.2 Information structure and syntactic form
5.2.1 Given/new and syntactic form
5.2.2 Information structure and sentence structure
5.3 The psychological status of givenness
5.3.1 What does given mean?
5.3.2 A taxonomy of information status
5.3.3 The inormation status taxonomy applied to data
5.4 Conclusion

6 The nature of reference in text and in discourse
6.1 What is text?
6.1.1Cohesion
6.1.2 Endophora
6.1.3 Substitution
6.2 Discourse reference
6.2.1 Reference and discourse representations
6.2.2 Referring expressions
6.3 Pronouns in discourse
6.3.1 Pronouns and antecedent nominals
6.3.2 Pronouns and antecedent predicates
6.3.3 Pronouns and new predicates
6.3.4 Interpreting pronominal reference in discourse

7 Coherence in the interpretation of discourse
7.1 coherence in discourse
7.2 Computing communicative function
7.3 Speech acts
7.4 Using knowledge of the world
7.5 Top-down and bottom-up processing
7.6 Representing background knowledge
7.6.1 Frames
7.6.2 Scripts
7.6.3 Scenarios
7.6.4 Schemata
7.6.5 Mental models
7.7 Determining the inferences to be made
7.8 Inferences as missing links
7.9 Inferences as non-automatic connections
7.10 Inferences as filling in gaps or discontinuities in interpreta-tion
7.11 Conclusion
References
Subject index
Author index
文库索引

精彩书摘

The place at which it appeared is relevant. It was spraygunned on awall in Glasgow. The form of the text, together with the informa-tion about place, may suggest to you, if you have previousexperience of such texts, that this text derives from an interactionbetween street gangs. Encyclopaedic knowledge of the world mightinform you that the writer is a member of Mad Mental （a streetgang） and that the intended addressees are members of TheInsects （another street gang）. You then need to make appeal toprevious discourse in which the Insects had proclaimed INSECTSBITE. （You might then appeal to your knowledge of what Hymescalls message-form which informs you that street gang interactionson walls consists of taunts and counter-taunts. Thus you mightarrive at an attribution of intention in the warning SQUASHEDINSECTS DONT BITE and the straight assertion MAD MEN-TAL RULE - without the OK tag, which might be taken to inviteassent on the part of the addressee.） Texts a and b, addressed to the general reader, are relativelyaccessible fragments of language which require only specification ofthe intended referents to make them readily interpretable. Text c isintended for specific addressees, not for the general public, and it ishard for the general public to interpret without access to sharedpresuppositions and previous experience which cannot comfortablybe forced into the framework proposed by Lewis. In order to takeaccount of this, we are going to need some way of making appeals tonotions like shared presuppositions, encyclopaedic knowledge,intention / purpose in uttering and experience of previous similartext which we have simply appealed to in an ad hoc way in ourdiscussion so far.

前言/序言

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