内容简介
近年来,金融数学的发展离不开随机微积分,而《量子金融(英文版)》提供了一种完全独立于该方法的新方法,将量子力学和量子场论中的数学公式和概念运用到期货理论和利率模型中,重点讲述路径积分。相应的得到了不少新的预期结果。《量子金融(英文版)》主要介绍了金融基本概念:金融基础;衍生证券;有限自由度系统:哈密顿体系和股票期货;路径积分和股票期货;随机利率模型的哈密顿体系和路径积分;利率模型的量子场论:利率远期合约的量子场论;经验利率远期合约和场论模型;国债衍生品场论;利率远期合约和场论哈密顿体系结论。
内页插图
目录
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 Synopsis
Part I Fundamental concepts of finance
2 Introduction to finance
2.1 Efficient market: random evolution of securities
2.2 Financial markets
2.3 Risk and return
2.4 Time value of money
2.5 No arbitrage, martingales and risk-neutral measure
2.6 Hedging
2.7 Forward interest rates: fixed-income securities
2.8 Summary
3 Derivative securities
3.1 Forward and futures contracts
3.2 Options
3.3 Stochastic differential equation
3.4 Ito calculus
3.5 Black-Scholes equation: hedged portfolio
3.6 Stock price with stochastic volatility
3.7 Merton——Garman equation
3.8 Summary
3.9 Appendix: Solution for stochastic volatility with p = 0
Part Ⅱ Systems with finite number of degrees of freedom
4 Hamiltonians and stock options
4.1 Essentials of quantum mechanics
4.2 State space: completeness equation
4.3 Operators: Hamiltonian
4.4 Biack-Scholes and Merton-Garman Hamiltonians
4.5 Pricing kernel for options
4.6 Eigenfunction solution of the pricing kernel
4.7 Hamiltonian formulation of the martingale condition
4.8 Potentials in option pricing
4.9 Hamiltonian and barrier options
4.10 Summary
4.11 Appendix: Two-state quantum system (qubit)
4.12 Appendix: Hamiltonian in quantum mechanics
4.13 Appendix: Down-and-out barrier options pricing kernel
4.14 Appendix: Double-knock-out barrier options pricing kernel
4.15 Appendix: Schrodinger and Black-Scholes equations
5 Path integrals and stock options
5.1 Lagrangian and action for the pricing kernel
5.2 Black-Scholes Lagrangian
5.3 Path integrals for path-dependent options
5.4 Action for option-pricing Hamiltonian
5.5 Path integral for the simple harmonic oscillator
5.6 Lagrangian for stock price with stochastic volatility
5.7 Pricing kernel for stock price with stochastic volatility
5.8 Summary
5.9 Appendix: Path-integral quantum mechanics
5.10 Appendix: Heisenbergs uncertainty principle in finance
5.11 Appendix: Path integration over stock price
5.12 Appendix: Generating function for stochastic volatility
5.13 Appendix: Moments of stock price and stochastic volatility
5.14 Appendix: Lagrangian for arbitrary at
5.15 Appendix: Path integration over stock price for arbitrary at
5.16 Appendix: Monte Carlo algorithm for stochastic volatility
5.17 Appendix: Mertons theorem for stochastic volatility
6 Stochastic interest rates Hamiltonians and path integrals
6.1 Spot interest rate Hamiltonian and Lagrangian
6.2 Vasicek models path integral
6.3 Heath-Jarrow-Morton (HJM) models path integral
6.4 Martingale condition in the HJM model
6.5 Pricing of Treasury Bond futures in the HJM model
6.6 Pricing of Treasury Bond option in the HJM model
6.7 Summary
6.8 Appendix: Spot interest rate Fokker-Planck Hamiltonian
6.9 Appendix: Affine spot interest rate models
6.10 Appendix: Black-Karasinski spot rate model
6.11 Appendix: Black-Karasinski spot rate Hamiltonian
6.12 Appendix: Quantum mechanical spot rate models
Part Ⅲ Quantum field theory of interest rates models
7 Quantum field theory of forward interest rates
7.1 Quantum field theory
7.2 Forward interest rates action
7.3 Field theory action for linear forward rates
7.4 Forward interest rates velocity quantum field A(t, x)
7.5 Propagator for linear forward rates
7.6 Martingale condition and risk-neutral measure
7.7 Change of numeraire
7.8 Nonlinear forward interest rates
7.9 Lagrangian for nonlinear forward rates
7.10 Stochastic volatility: function of the forward rates
7.11 Stochastic volatility: an independent quantum field
7.12 Summary
7.13 Appendix: HJM limit of the field theory
7.14 Appendix: Variants of the rigid propagator
7.15 Appendix: Stiff propagator
7.16 Appendix: Psychological future time
7.17 Appendix: Generating functional for forward rates
7.18 Appendix: Lattice field theory of forward rates
7.19 Appendix: Action S, for change of numeraire
8 Empirical forward interest rates and field theory models
8.1 Eurodollar market
8.2 Market data and assumptions used for the study
8.3 Correlation functions of the forward rates models
8.4 Empirical correlation structure of the forward rates
8.5 Empirical properties of the forward rates
8.6 Constant rigidity field theory model and its variants
8.7 Stiff field theory model
8.8 Summary
8.9 Appendix: Curvature for stiff correlator
9 Field theory of Treasury Bonds derivatives and hedging
9.1 Futures for Treasury Bonds
9.2 Option pricing for Treasury Bonds
9.3 Greeks for the European bond option
9.4 Pricing an interest rate cap
9.5 Field theory hedging of Treasury Bonds
9.6 Stochastic delta hedging of Treasury Bonds
9.7 Stochastic hedging of Treasury Bonds: minimizing variance
9.8 Empirical analysis of instantaneous hedging
9.9 Finite time hedging
9.10 Empirical results for finite time hedging
9.11 Summary
9.12 Appendix: Conditional probabilities
9,13 Appendix: Conditional probability of Treasury Bonds
9.14 Appendix: HJM limit of hedging functions
9.15 Appendix: Stochastic hedging with Treasury Bonds
9.16 Appendix: Stochastic hedging with futures contracts
9.17 Appendix: HJM limit of the hedge parameters
10 Field theory Hamiltonian of forward interest rates
10.1 Forward interest rates Hamiltonian
10.2 State space for the forward interest rates
10.3 Treasury Bond state vectors
10.4 Hamiltonian for linear and nonlinear forward rates
10.5 Hamiltonian for forward rates with stochastic volatility
10.6 Hamiltonian formulation of the martingale condition
10.7 Martingale condition: linear and nonlinear forward rates
10.8 Martingale condition: forward rates with stochastic volatility
10.9 Nonlinear change of numeraire
10.10 Summary
10.11 Appendix: Propagator for stochastic volatility
10.12 Appendix: Effective linear Hamiltonian
10.13 Appendix: Hamiltonian derivation of European bond option
11 Conclusions
A Mathematical background
A.1 Probability distribution
A.2 Dirac Delta function
A.3 Gaussian integration
A.4 White noise
A.5 The Langevin Equation
A.6 Fundamental theorem of finance
A.7 Evaluation of the propagator
Brief glossary of financial terms
Brief glossary of physics terms
List of main symbols
References
Index
前言/序言
Financial markets have undergone tremendous growth and dramatic changes in the past two decades, with the volume of daily trading in currency markets hitting over a trillion US dollars and hundreds of billions of dollars in bond and stock markets.Deregulation and globalization have led to large-scale capital flows; this has raised new problems for finance as well as has further spurred competition among banks and financial institutions.
The resulting booms, bubbles and busts of the global financial markets now directly affect the lives of hundreds of millions of people, as was witnessed during the 1998 East Asian financial crisis.
The principles of banking and finance are fairly well established [ 16, 76, 87] and the challenge is to apply these principles in an increasingly complicated environment. The immense growth of financial markets, the existence of vast quantities of financial data and the growing complexity of the market, both in volume and sophistication, has made the use of powerful mathematical and computational tools in finance a necessity. In order to meet the needs of customers, complex financial instruments have been created; these instruments demand advanced valuation and risk assessment models and systems that quantify the returns and risks for investors and financial institutions [63, 100].
The widespread use in finance of stochastic calculus and of partial differential equations reflects the traditional presence of probabilists and applied mathematicians in this field. The last few years has seen an increasing interest of theoretical physicists in the problems of applied and theoretical finance. In addition to the ast corpus of literature on the application of stochastic calculus to finance,concepts from theoretical physics have been finding increasing application in both theoretical and applied finance. The influx of ideas from theoretical physics, as expressed for example in [ 18] and [69], has added a whole collection of new mathematical and computational techniques to finance, from the methods of classical and quantum physics to the use of path integration, statistical mechanics and so on. This book is part of the on-going process of applying ideas from physics to finance.
量化金融的深层探索:路径积分与哈密顿力学在衍生品定价与利率建模中的应用 本书旨在深入探讨量化金融领域的核心方法论,聚焦于利用先进的数学工具——路径积分(Path Integrals)和哈密顿力学(Hamiltonians)——来精确刻画与定价复杂金融衍生品,以及构建稳健的利率模型。本书面向具有扎实数学基础(包括概率论、随机过程、微分方程、线性代数等)的金融工程师、量化分析师、以及对金融建模感兴趣的研究者。 核心内容概述: 本书将从基础理论出发,逐步深入到实际应用,确保读者能够全面理解并掌握路径积分和哈密顿力学在金融建模中的威力。 随机过程与金融模型的基础: 我们将首先回顾金融市场中常用的随机过程,例如维纳过程(Wiener Process)、几何布朗运动(Geometric Brownian Motion)等,并讨论它们在描述资产价格波动中的局限性。 重点介绍布朗运动的性质、马尔可夫性质、以及伊藤引理(Itô's Lemma)在推导随机微分方程(Stochastic Differential Equations, SDEs)中的作用。 探讨离散化方法(如欧拉-马鲁亚方法)及其在数值模拟中的优缺点。 路径积分的理论基石: 本书将详细阐述路径积分的概念,它源于量子力学,但在金融领域提供了一种全新的视角来理解和计算期望值。 我们将从数学上严谨地定义测度(measure)在无穷维空间上的意义,并引入Feynman-Kac公式,这是连接SDEs与偏微分方程(Partial Differential Equations, PDEs)的关键桥梁,也是路径积分在金融中应用的理论基石。 深入分析如何利用路径积分来计算金融资产在未来某个时刻的期望价格,以及期权等衍生品的无风险价格。 哈密顿力学在金融建模中的应用: 我们将介绍哈密顿力学中的核心概念,包括相空间(phase space)、哈密顿量(Hamiltonian)、正则变换(canonical transformations)等。 重点展示如何将金融模型(如Black-Scholes模型、Heston模型等)的演化过程映射到哈密顿力学的框架下,从而建立起金融模型与物理学模型之间的深刻联系。 探讨使用哈密顿力学求解金融PDEs的优势,例如通过正则变换简化问题,或者利用哈密顿流(Hamiltonian flow)来理解资产价格的演化路径。 路径积分与哈密顿力学的融合: 本书的核心亮点在于将路径积分和哈密顿力学融会贯通。我们将展示如何利用哈密顿量来构建或修改随机微分方程,并进一步利用路径积分来计算相关的金融衍生品价格。 探讨在特定金融模型中,路径积分的引入如何提供比传统方法(如蒙特卡洛模拟或有限差分法)更高效或更精确的解决方案。 期权定价的深入分析: 欧式期权定价: 首先,我们将回顾Black-Scholes-Merton模型及其在欧式期权定价中的经典应用。 然后,详细展示如何利用路径积分和Feynman-Kac公式从SDEs推导出Black-Scholes PDE,并解释路径积分如何提供对期权价格的直观解释,即对所有可能价格路径的加权平均。 我们将讨论如何处理资产价格的漂移项和波动率项,以及它们在路径积分中的贡献。 奇异期权定价: 本书将重点关注路径积分在定价复杂奇异期权(如亚式期权、回望期权、障碍期权等)方面的优势。这些期权的价格不仅取决于最终价格,还取决于价格路径的整体行为。 我们将展示路径积分如何能够直接计算出与路径相关的期望值,而无需诉诸高维蒙特卡洛模拟。 探讨如何通过调整哈密顿量或在路径积分中引入额外的约束来精确刻画这些期权的 payoffs。 利率建模与动态: 短期利率模型: 我们将从Vasicek模型、Cox-Ingersoll-Ross (CIR) 模型等经典的短期利率模型入手,介绍它们的基本假设和数学形式。 分析如何将这些模型表述为SDEs,并利用路径积分来计算零息债券(zero-coupon bond)的价格。 讨论随机利率模型中瞬时方差(instantaneous variance)的作用,以及它如何影响利率的波动性。 零息债券和远期利率的定价: 我们将展示如何利用路径积分和哈密顿力学框架来推导零息债券的定价公式,并理解其与短期利率演化之间的联系。 进一步探讨如何利用这些工具来定价远期利率(forward rates)和利率期货(interest rate futures)。 利率衍生品定价: 本书将扩展到利率互换(interest rate swaps)、利率期权(caps, floors, swaptions)等更复杂的利率衍生品。 分析路径积分和哈密顿力学如何在这些衍生品的定价模型中提供更精准的数值计算或解析解。 数值方法与计算技巧: 虽然本书致力于提供理论框架,但也会触及相关的数值计算方法。 我们将介绍如何利用离散化技术将路径积分转化为可计算的积分,例如利用Gauss-Hermite积分或复数积分。 讨论如何结合哈密顿流的性质来构建高效的数值积分算法。 提供如何实现这些方法的伪代码或算法描述,以便读者进行实践。 进阶主题与展望: 在本书的最后部分,我们将简要介绍一些更高级的主题,例如: 路径积分在信用风险建模中的潜在应用。 高维金融衍生品的路径积分近似方法。 量子计算在路径积分计算中的前沿研究方向。 探索将更复杂的物理学概念(如量子场论)引入金融建模的可能性。 本书的结尾将对未来研究方向进行展望,鼓励读者在本书的基础上进一步探索量化金融的奥秘。 本书的特色: 严谨的数学推导: 每一项公式和结论都基于严格的数学证明,确保理论的牢固性。 理论与应用的结合: 不仅讲解抽象的数学理论,更着重于这些理论如何在实际金融问题中得到应用。 清晰的逻辑结构: 内容循序渐进,从基础概念到复杂模型,便于读者理解。 跨学科的视角: 借鉴物理学中的强大工具,为金融建模带来新的思路和方法。 通过阅读本书,读者将能够掌握一套强大的分析工具,不仅能够更深入地理解现有金融模型,还能为开发新的、更复杂的金融衍生品定价和风险管理策略提供坚实的理论基础。本书期望能够成为量化金融领域研究者和实践者不可或缺的参考。
这本书的书名,尤其是“量子金融”这一组合,立刻吸引了我。作为一名在金融市场中寻求更深层次理解的实践者,我常常感到,我们现有的金融模型,在描述市场的某些极端行为、信息传播的非对称性以及市场参与者之间的复杂互动时,显得捉襟见肘。量子力学,以其对概率、叠加态和不确定性的内在处理能力,在我看来,为我们理解金融市场的这些“反常”现象提供了一个全新的、或许更贴切的数学框架。我特别关注书中对“路径积分”的阐述。在物理学中,路径积分是计算量子系统在时空中所有可能路径贡献的总和的方法,这与期权定价中需要考虑资产价格从当前到到期日的所有可能演变路径,并从中计算出期望价值的过程有着天然的类比。我十分期待了解作者是如何将这种强大的计算工具应用于金融衍生品的定价,以及其数学上的严谨性和应用上的前景。同样,“哈密顿量”在量子力学中是描述系统能量和演化的核心,它在金融领域又将如何被赋予意义?它是否能为我们提供一个更具解释力和动态性的利率模型,或者成为理解期权价值变化驱动因素的关键?我对这本书能否真正地将量子理论的抽象概念转化为实际可用的金融分析工具,从而为期权定价和利率建模带来突破,抱有极大的期待。