內容簡介
近年來,金融數學的發展離不開隨機微積分,而《量子金融(英文版)》提供瞭一種完全獨立於該方法的新方法,將量子力學和量子場論中的數學公式和概念運用到期貨理論和利率模型中,重點講述路徑積分。相應的得到瞭不少新的預期結果。《量子金融(英文版)》主要介紹瞭金融基本概念:金融基礎;衍生證券;有限自由度係統:哈密頓體係和股票期貨;路徑積分和股票期貨;隨機利率模型的哈密頓體係和路徑積分;利率模型的量子場論:利率遠期閤約的量子場論;經驗利率遠期閤約和場論模型;國債衍生品場論;利率遠期閤約和場論哈密頓體係結論。
內頁插圖
目錄
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 Synopsis
Part I Fundamental concepts of finance
2 Introduction to finance
2.1 Efficient market: random evolution of securities
2.2 Financial markets
2.3 Risk and return
2.4 Time value of money
2.5 No arbitrage, martingales and risk-neutral measure
2.6 Hedging
2.7 Forward interest rates: fixed-income securities
2.8 Summary
3 Derivative securities
3.1 Forward and futures contracts
3.2 Options
3.3 Stochastic differential equation
3.4 Ito calculus
3.5 Black-Scholes equation: hedged portfolio
3.6 Stock price with stochastic volatility
3.7 Merton——Garman equation
3.8 Summary
3.9 Appendix: Solution for stochastic volatility with p = 0
Part Ⅱ Systems with finite number of degrees of freedom
4 Hamiltonians and stock options
4.1 Essentials of quantum mechanics
4.2 State space: completeness equation
4.3 Operators: Hamiltonian
4.4 Biack-Scholes and Merton-Garman Hamiltonians
4.5 Pricing kernel for options
4.6 Eigenfunction solution of the pricing kernel
4.7 Hamiltonian formulation of the martingale condition
4.8 Potentials in option pricing
4.9 Hamiltonian and barrier options
4.10 Summary
4.11 Appendix: Two-state quantum system (qubit)
4.12 Appendix: Hamiltonian in quantum mechanics
4.13 Appendix: Down-and-out barrier options pricing kernel
4.14 Appendix: Double-knock-out barrier options pricing kernel
4.15 Appendix: Schrodinger and Black-Scholes equations
5 Path integrals and stock options
5.1 Lagrangian and action for the pricing kernel
5.2 Black-Scholes Lagrangian
5.3 Path integrals for path-dependent options
5.4 Action for option-pricing Hamiltonian
5.5 Path integral for the simple harmonic oscillator
5.6 Lagrangian for stock price with stochastic volatility
5.7 Pricing kernel for stock price with stochastic volatility
5.8 Summary
5.9 Appendix: Path-integral quantum mechanics
5.10 Appendix: Heisenbergs uncertainty principle in finance
5.11 Appendix: Path integration over stock price
5.12 Appendix: Generating function for stochastic volatility
5.13 Appendix: Moments of stock price and stochastic volatility
5.14 Appendix: Lagrangian for arbitrary at
5.15 Appendix: Path integration over stock price for arbitrary at
5.16 Appendix: Monte Carlo algorithm for stochastic volatility
5.17 Appendix: Mertons theorem for stochastic volatility
6 Stochastic interest rates Hamiltonians and path integrals
6.1 Spot interest rate Hamiltonian and Lagrangian
6.2 Vasicek models path integral
6.3 Heath-Jarrow-Morton (HJM) models path integral
6.4 Martingale condition in the HJM model
6.5 Pricing of Treasury Bond futures in the HJM model
6.6 Pricing of Treasury Bond option in the HJM model
6.7 Summary
6.8 Appendix: Spot interest rate Fokker-Planck Hamiltonian
6.9 Appendix: Affine spot interest rate models
6.10 Appendix: Black-Karasinski spot rate model
6.11 Appendix: Black-Karasinski spot rate Hamiltonian
6.12 Appendix: Quantum mechanical spot rate models
Part Ⅲ Quantum field theory of interest rates models
7 Quantum field theory of forward interest rates
7.1 Quantum field theory
7.2 Forward interest rates action
7.3 Field theory action for linear forward rates
7.4 Forward interest rates velocity quantum field A(t, x)
7.5 Propagator for linear forward rates
7.6 Martingale condition and risk-neutral measure
7.7 Change of numeraire
7.8 Nonlinear forward interest rates
7.9 Lagrangian for nonlinear forward rates
7.10 Stochastic volatility: function of the forward rates
7.11 Stochastic volatility: an independent quantum field
7.12 Summary
7.13 Appendix: HJM limit of the field theory
7.14 Appendix: Variants of the rigid propagator
7.15 Appendix: Stiff propagator
7.16 Appendix: Psychological future time
7.17 Appendix: Generating functional for forward rates
7.18 Appendix: Lattice field theory of forward rates
7.19 Appendix: Action S, for change of numeraire
8 Empirical forward interest rates and field theory models
8.1 Eurodollar market
8.2 Market data and assumptions used for the study
8.3 Correlation functions of the forward rates models
8.4 Empirical correlation structure of the forward rates
8.5 Empirical properties of the forward rates
8.6 Constant rigidity field theory model and its variants
8.7 Stiff field theory model
8.8 Summary
8.9 Appendix: Curvature for stiff correlator
9 Field theory of Treasury Bonds derivatives and hedging
9.1 Futures for Treasury Bonds
9.2 Option pricing for Treasury Bonds
9.3 Greeks for the European bond option
9.4 Pricing an interest rate cap
9.5 Field theory hedging of Treasury Bonds
9.6 Stochastic delta hedging of Treasury Bonds
9.7 Stochastic hedging of Treasury Bonds: minimizing variance
9.8 Empirical analysis of instantaneous hedging
9.9 Finite time hedging
9.10 Empirical results for finite time hedging
9.11 Summary
9.12 Appendix: Conditional probabilities
9,13 Appendix: Conditional probability of Treasury Bonds
9.14 Appendix: HJM limit of hedging functions
9.15 Appendix: Stochastic hedging with Treasury Bonds
9.16 Appendix: Stochastic hedging with futures contracts
9.17 Appendix: HJM limit of the hedge parameters
10 Field theory Hamiltonian of forward interest rates
10.1 Forward interest rates Hamiltonian
10.2 State space for the forward interest rates
10.3 Treasury Bond state vectors
10.4 Hamiltonian for linear and nonlinear forward rates
10.5 Hamiltonian for forward rates with stochastic volatility
10.6 Hamiltonian formulation of the martingale condition
10.7 Martingale condition: linear and nonlinear forward rates
10.8 Martingale condition: forward rates with stochastic volatility
10.9 Nonlinear change of numeraire
10.10 Summary
10.11 Appendix: Propagator for stochastic volatility
10.12 Appendix: Effective linear Hamiltonian
10.13 Appendix: Hamiltonian derivation of European bond option
11 Conclusions
A Mathematical background
A.1 Probability distribution
A.2 Dirac Delta function
A.3 Gaussian integration
A.4 White noise
A.5 The Langevin Equation
A.6 Fundamental theorem of finance
A.7 Evaluation of the propagator
Brief glossary of financial terms
Brief glossary of physics terms
List of main symbols
References
Index
前言/序言
Financial markets have undergone tremendous growth and dramatic changes in the past two decades, with the volume of daily trading in currency markets hitting over a trillion US dollars and hundreds of billions of dollars in bond and stock markets.Deregulation and globalization have led to large-scale capital flows; this has raised new problems for finance as well as has further spurred competition among banks and financial institutions.
The resulting booms, bubbles and busts of the global financial markets now directly affect the lives of hundreds of millions of people, as was witnessed during the 1998 East Asian financial crisis.
The principles of banking and finance are fairly well established [ 16, 76, 87] and the challenge is to apply these principles in an increasingly complicated environment. The immense growth of financial markets, the existence of vast quantities of financial data and the growing complexity of the market, both in volume and sophistication, has made the use of powerful mathematical and computational tools in finance a necessity. In order to meet the needs of customers, complex financial instruments have been created; these instruments demand advanced valuation and risk assessment models and systems that quantify the returns and risks for investors and financial institutions [63, 100].
The widespread use in finance of stochastic calculus and of partial differential equations reflects the traditional presence of probabilists and applied mathematicians in this field. The last few years has seen an increasing interest of theoretical physicists in the problems of applied and theoretical finance. In addition to the ast corpus of literature on the application of stochastic calculus to finance,concepts from theoretical physics have been finding increasing application in both theoretical and applied finance. The influx of ideas from theoretical physics, as expressed for example in [ 18] and [69], has added a whole collection of new mathematical and computational techniques to finance, from the methods of classical and quantum physics to the use of path integration, statistical mechanics and so on. This book is part of the on-going process of applying ideas from physics to finance.
量化金融的深層探索:路徑積分與哈密頓力學在衍生品定價與利率建模中的應用 本書旨在深入探討量化金融領域的核心方法論,聚焦於利用先進的數學工具——路徑積分(Path Integrals)和哈密頓力學(Hamiltonians)——來精確刻畫與定價復雜金融衍生品,以及構建穩健的利率模型。本書麵嚮具有紮實數學基礎(包括概率論、隨機過程、微分方程、綫性代數等)的金融工程師、量化分析師、以及對金融建模感興趣的研究者。 核心內容概述: 本書將從基礎理論齣發,逐步深入到實際應用,確保讀者能夠全麵理解並掌握路徑積分和哈密頓力學在金融建模中的威力。 隨機過程與金融模型的基礎: 我們將首先迴顧金融市場中常用的隨機過程,例如維納過程(Wiener Process)、幾何布朗運動(Geometric Brownian Motion)等,並討論它們在描述資産價格波動中的局限性。 重點介紹布朗運動的性質、馬爾可夫性質、以及伊藤引理(Itô's Lemma)在推導隨機微分方程(Stochastic Differential Equations, SDEs)中的作用。 探討離散化方法(如歐拉-馬魯亞方法)及其在數值模擬中的優缺點。 路徑積分的理論基石: 本書將詳細闡述路徑積分的概念,它源於量子力學,但在金融領域提供瞭一種全新的視角來理解和計算期望值。 我們將從數學上嚴謹地定義測度(measure)在無窮維空間上的意義,並引入Feynman-Kac公式,這是連接SDEs與偏微分方程(Partial Differential Equations, PDEs)的關鍵橋梁,也是路徑積分在金融中應用的理論基石。 深入分析如何利用路徑積分來計算金融資産在未來某個時刻的期望價格,以及期權等衍生品的無風險價格。 哈密頓力學在金融建模中的應用: 我們將介紹哈密頓力學中的核心概念,包括相空間(phase space)、哈密頓量(Hamiltonian)、正則變換(canonical transformations)等。 重點展示如何將金融模型(如Black-Scholes模型、Heston模型等)的演化過程映射到哈密頓力學的框架下,從而建立起金融模型與物理學模型之間的深刻聯係。 探討使用哈密頓力學求解金融PDEs的優勢,例如通過正則變換簡化問題,或者利用哈密頓流(Hamiltonian flow)來理解資産價格的演化路徑。 路徑積分與哈密頓力學的融閤: 本書的核心亮點在於將路徑積分和哈密頓力學融會貫通。我們將展示如何利用哈密頓量來構建或修改隨機微分方程,並進一步利用路徑積分來計算相關的金融衍生品價格。 探討在特定金融模型中,路徑積分的引入如何提供比傳統方法(如濛特卡洛模擬或有限差分法)更高效或更精確的解決方案。 期權定價的深入分析: 歐式期權定價: 首先,我們將迴顧Black-Scholes-Merton模型及其在歐式期權定價中的經典應用。 然後,詳細展示如何利用路徑積分和Feynman-Kac公式從SDEs推導齣Black-Scholes PDE,並解釋路徑積分如何提供對期權價格的直觀解釋,即對所有可能價格路徑的加權平均。 我們將討論如何處理資産價格的漂移項和波動率項,以及它們在路徑積分中的貢獻。 奇異期權定價: 本書將重點關注路徑積分在定價復雜奇異期權(如亞式期權、迴望期權、障礙期權等)方麵的優勢。這些期權的價格不僅取決於最終價格,還取決於價格路徑的整體行為。 我們將展示路徑積分如何能夠直接計算齣與路徑相關的期望值,而無需訴諸高維濛特卡洛模擬。 探討如何通過調整哈密頓量或在路徑積分中引入額外的約束來精確刻畫這些期權的 payoffs。 利率建模與動態: 短期利率模型: 我們將從Vasicek模型、Cox-Ingersoll-Ross (CIR) 模型等經典的短期利率模型入手,介紹它們的基本假設和數學形式。 分析如何將這些模型錶述為SDEs,並利用路徑積分來計算零息債券(zero-coupon bond)的價格。 討論隨機利率模型中瞬時方差(instantaneous variance)的作用,以及它如何影響利率的波動性。 零息債券和遠期利率的定價: 我們將展示如何利用路徑積分和哈密頓力學框架來推導零息債券的定價公式,並理解其與短期利率演化之間的聯係。 進一步探討如何利用這些工具來定價遠期利率(forward rates)和利率期貨(interest rate futures)。 利率衍生品定價: 本書將擴展到利率互換(interest rate swaps)、利率期權(caps, floors, swaptions)等更復雜的利率衍生品。 分析路徑積分和哈密頓力學如何在這些衍生品的定價模型中提供更精準的數值計算或解析解。 數值方法與計算技巧: 雖然本書緻力於提供理論框架,但也會觸及相關的數值計算方法。 我們將介紹如何利用離散化技術將路徑積分轉化為可計算的積分,例如利用Gauss-Hermite積分或復數積分。 討論如何結閤哈密頓流的性質來構建高效的數值積分算法。 提供如何實現這些方法的僞代碼或算法描述,以便讀者進行實踐。 進階主題與展望: 在本書的最後部分,我們將簡要介紹一些更高級的主題,例如: 路徑積分在信用風險建模中的潛在應用。 高維金融衍生品的路徑積分近似方法。 量子計算在路徑積分計算中的前沿研究方嚮。 探索將更復雜的物理學概念(如量子場論)引入金融建模的可能性。 本書的結尾將對未來研究方嚮進行展望,鼓勵讀者在本書的基礎上進一步探索量化金融的奧秘。 本書的特色: 嚴謹的數學推導: 每一項公式和結論都基於嚴格的數學證明,確保理論的牢固性。 理論與應用的結閤: 不僅講解抽象的數學理論,更著重於這些理論如何在實際金融問題中得到應用。 清晰的邏輯結構: 內容循序漸進,從基礎概念到復雜模型,便於讀者理解。 跨學科的視角: 藉鑒物理學中的強大工具,為金融建模帶來新的思路和方法。 通過閱讀本書,讀者將能夠掌握一套強大的分析工具,不僅能夠更深入地理解現有金融模型,還能為開發新的、更復雜的金融衍生品定價和風險管理策略提供堅實的理論基礎。本書期望能夠成為量化金融領域研究者和實踐者不可或缺的參考。
這本書的書名《量子金融:路徑積分與哈密頓量在期權與利率中的應用》(Quantum Finance: Path Integrals and Hamiltonians for Options and Interest Rates)本身就極具吸引力,它承諾將量子物理學的深刻理論與金融學中最具挑戰性的領域——期權定價和利率建模——結閤起來。作為一名在金融行業工作多年,並對前沿學術研究保持高度關注的專業人士,我一直覺得傳統的金融模型在解釋市場的某些極端行為和內在不確定性方麵存在局限。量子力學的概率性質,尤其是其處理不確定性和疊加態的方式,似乎為理解金融市場的復雜動態提供瞭一種全新的可能性。我尤其對書中提到的“路徑積分”概念感到好奇。在物理學中,路徑積分是一個強大的工具,用於計算量子係統在時空中所有可能路徑的貢獻總和,這與期權定價中需要考慮標的資産價格在到期前所有可能演變路徑,並對其進行積分以獲得期望收益的本質非常相似。我非常期待看到作者是如何將這種物理學的計算方法應用於金融衍生品的定價,以及其數學上的嚴謹性和計算上的可行性。同樣,“哈密頓量”作為描述量子係統能量及其演化的核心算符,在書中又將如何被賦予金融含義?它是否能提供一個更具動態性和更全麵的視角來刻畫利率的變動,或者作為一種“驅動力”來解釋期權價值的變化?這本書是否能提供超越現有Black-Scholes框架的更深刻的見解,或者為理解利率期限結構提供全新的模型?我對書中能否成功地架起這座跨學科的橋梁,並提供實用且創新的金融工具,抱有極大的期望。