超對稱和弦論（英文版） [Supersymmetry and String Theory] 下載 mobi epub pdf 電子書 2024

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內容簡介

　　The Standard Model has reigned triumphant for three decades. For just as long，theorists and experimentalists have speculated about what might lie beyond. Manyof these speculations point to a particular energy scale， the teraelectronvolt （TeV）scale which will be probed for the first time at the LHC. The stimulus for thesestudies arises from the most mysterious - and still missing - piece of the StandardModel： the Higgs boson. Precision electroweak measurements strongly suggest thatthis particle is elementary （in that any structure is likely far smaller than its Comptonwavelength）， and that it should be in a mass range where it will be discovered at theLHC. But the existence of fundamental scalars is puzzling in quantum field theory，and strongly suggests new physics at the TeV scale. Among the most prominentproposals for this physics is a hypothetical new symmetry of nature， supersymmetry，which is the focus of much of this text. Others， such as technicolor， and large orwarped extra dimensions， are also treated here.

內頁插圖

目錄

Preface
A note on choice ofmetric
Text website
Part 1 Effective field theory：the Standard Model，supersymmetry，unification
1 Before the Standard Model
Suggested reading

2 The Standard Model
2.1 Yan9—Mills theory
2.2 Realizations of symmetry in quantum field theory
2.3 The quantization of Yan9—Mills theories
2.4 The particles and fields of the Standard Model
2.5 The gauge boson masses
2.6 Quark and lepton masses
Suggested reading
Exercises

3 Phenomenology of the Standard Model
3.1 The weak interactions
3.2The quark and lepton mass matrices
3.3 The strong interactions
3.4The renormalization group
3.5 Calculating the beta function
3.6The strong interactions and dimensional transmutation
3.7 Confinement and lattice gauge theory
3.8 Strong interaction processes at high momentum transfer.
Suggested reading
Exercises

4 The Standard Model as an effective field theory
4.1Lepton and baryon number violation’
4.2 Challenges for the Standard Model
4.3 The hierarchy problem
4.4Dark matter and dark energy
4.5 Summary：successes and limitations of the
Standard Model
Suggested reading

5 Anomalies，instantons and the strong CP problem
5.1 The chiral anomaly
5.2 A two-dimensional detour
5.3 Real QCD
5.4 The strong CP problem
5.5 Possible solutions of the strong CP problem
Suggested reading
Exercises

6 Grand unification
6.1 Cancellation of anomalies
6.2 Renormalization of couplings
6.3 Breaking to SU(3)×SU(2)×U(1)
6.4 SU(2)×U(1)breaking
6.5 Charge quantization and magnetic monopoles
6.6Proton decay
6.7 Other groups
Suggested reading
Exercises

7 Magnetic monopoles and solitons
7.1 Solitons in 1+1 dimensions
7.2 Solitons in 2+1 dimensions：strings or vortices
7.3 Magnetic monopoles
7.4 The BPS limit’
7.5 Collective coordinates for the monopole solution
7.6 The Witten effect：the electric charge in the presence of θ
7.7 Electric—magnetic duality
Suggested reading
Exercises

8 Technicolor：a first attempt to explain hierarchies
8.1 QCD in a world without Higgs fields
8.2 Fermion masses：extended technicolor
8.3 Precision electroweak measurements
Suggested reading
Exercises

Part 2 Supersymmetry
9 Supersymmetry
9.1 The supersymmetry algebra and its representations
9.2 Superspace
9.3 N —— 1 Lagrangians
9.4 The supersymmetry currents
9.5 The ground-state energy in globally supersymmetric theories
9.6 Some simple models
9.7 Non-renormalization theorems
9.8 Local supersymmetry： supergravity
Suggested reading
Exercises

10 A first look at supersymmetry breaking
10.1Spontaneous supersymmetry breaking
10.2The goldstino theorem
10.3Loop corrections and the vacuum degeneracy
10.4Explicit， soft supersymmetry breaking
10.5Supersymmetry breaking in supergravity models
Suggested reading
Exercises

11 The Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model
11.1Soft supersymmetry breaking in the MSSM
11.2SU(2)U(I) breaking
11.3Why is one Higgs mass negative?
11.4Radiative corrections to the Higgs mass limit
11.5Embedding the MSSM in supergravity
11.6The#term
11.7Constraints on soft breakings
Suggested reading
Exercises

12 Supersymmetric grand unification
12.1A supersymmetric grand unified model
12.2Coupling constant unification
12.3Dimension-five operators and proton decay
Suggested reading
Exercises

13 Supersymmetric dynamics
13. l Criteria for supersymmetry breaking： the Witten index
13.2 Gaugino condensation in pure gauge theories
13.3 Supersymmetric QCD
13.4 Nf < N： anon-perturbative superpotential
13.5 The superpotential in the case Nf < N - 1
13.6 Nf = N - 1 ： the instanton-generated superpotential
Suggested reading
Exercises

14 Dynamical supersymmetry breaking
14.1 Models of dynamical supersymmetry breaking
14.2 Particle physics and dynamical supersymmetry breaking
Suggested reading
Exercises

15 Theories with more than four conserved supercharges
15.1 N = 2 theories： exact moduli spaces
15.2 A still simpler theory： N ———— 4 Yang-Mills
15.3 A deeper understanding of the BPS condition
15.4 Seiberg-Witten theory
Suggested reading
Exercises

16 More supersymmetric dynamics
16.1 Conformaily invariant field theories
16.2 More supersymmetric QCD
16.3 Nf = Ne
16.4 Nf>N+I
16.5 Nf > 3/2N
Suggested reading
Exercises

17 An introduction to general relativity
17.1 Tensors in general relativity
17.2 Curvature
17.3 The gravitational action
17.4 The Schwarzschild solution
17.5 Features of the Schwarzschiid metric
17.6 Coupling spin0rs to gravity
Suggested reading
Exercises
18 Cosmology
18.1 A history of the universe
……
Part 3 String theory
Part 4 The appendices
References
Index

精彩書摘

　　The strong interactions, as their name implies, are characterized by strong cou-pling. As a result, perturbative methods are not suitable for most questions. Incomparing theory and experiment, it is necessary to focus on a few phenomenawhich are accessible to theoretical analysis. By itself, this is not particularly dis-turbing. A parallel with the quantum mechanics of electrons interacting with nucleiis perhaps helpful. We can understand simple atoms in detail; atoms with verylarge Z can be treated by Hartree-Fock or other methods. But atoms with inter-mediate Z can be dealt with, at best, by detailed numerical analysis accompaniedby educated guesswork. Molecules are even more problematic, not to mentionsolids. But we are able to make detailed tests of the theory （and its extensionin quantum electrodynamics） from the simpler systems, and develop qualitativeunderstanding of the more complicated systems. In many cases, we can do quanti-tative analysis of the small fluctuations about the ground states of the complicatedsystem.
　　In the theory of strong interactions, as we will see, many problems are hopelesslycomplicated. Low-lying spectra are hard; detailed exclusive cross sections in high-energy scattering essentially impossible. But there are many que~stions we cananswer. Rates for many inclusive questions at very high energy and momentumtransfer can be calculated with high precision. Qualitative features of the low lyingspectrum of hadrons and their interactions at low energies can be understood in aqualitative （and sometimes quantitative） fashion by symmetry arguments. Recently,progress in lattice gauge theory has made it possible to perform calculations whichpreviously seemed impossible, for features of spectra and even for interaction ratesimportant for understanding the weak interactions.

前言/序言

　　As this is being written， particle physics stands on the threshold of a new era， withthe commissioning of the Large Hadron Collider （LHC） not even two years away.In writing this book， I hope to help prepare graduate students and postdoctoralresearchers for what will hopefully be a period rich in new data and surprisingphenomena.
　　The Standard Model has reigned triumphant for three decades. For just as long，theorists and experimentalists have speculated about what might lie beyond. Manyof these speculations point to a particular energy scale， the teraelectronvolt （TeV）scale which will be probed for the first time at the LHC. The stimulus for thesestudies arises from the most mysterious - and still m 超對稱和弦論（英文版） [Supersymmetry and String Theory] 下載 mobi epub pdf txt 電子書 格式

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