《宏观经济学(第6版)/清华经济学系列英文版教材》: There are also large differences across countries.Collective bargaining plays an important role in Japan and in most European countries.Negotiations may take place at the firm leveL at the industry level, or at the nationallevel.Sometimes con— tract agreements apply only to firms that have signed the agreement.Sometimes they are automatically extended to all firms and all workers in the sector or the economy. Given these differences across workers and across countries, can we hope to forP mulate anything like a general theory of wage determination? Yes.Although institu— tional differences influence wage determination, there are common forces at work in all countries.Two sets offacts stand out: Workers are typically paid a wage that exceeds their reaervatlon wage, the wage that would make them indifferent between working or being unemployed.ln other words, most workers are paid a high enough wage that they prefer being employed to being unemployed. ……