　　《新航道 9分达人雅思阅读真题还原及解析3》共分为三大部分：
　　第一部分包括新6套雅思阅读真题，每套题共有三篇阅读文章；考生应对所有文章精读细读，达到完全理解的水平，因为每篇文章都有可能在考试中再次出现。
　　第二部分包括词汇详解、题目详解和参考译文三个版块的内容。词汇详解部分为文章及题目中出现的词汇提供了词性、准确的释义和其他拓展信息，既能帮助考生增加对真题的理解，又能扩充考生的词汇量。题目详解部分则对本书收录的每套题目进行了详细解析，不仅帮助考生彻底弄懂每套试题，同时也教给考生相应的解题方法和技巧。参考译文中的翻译准确流畅，考生对英语原文若有任何不理解之处，可利用参考译文帮助理解。
　　第三部分为6套雅思阅读真题的参考答案，可供考生进行自我检测。

作者简介

　　王毅，原北京新航道学校雅思阅读与口语主讲，原新航道英语测试研究中心主任，雅思高分全能班的开创者，美国博代尼大学硕士，中国大陆地区迄今为止仅有的雅思总分满分得主。自2002年以来一直活跃在雅思考试培训第一线，其倡导的PAVE英语教学法、雅思阅读六点论、雅思口语“万径归一”等多种培训方法为众多雅思考生所推崇。

　　辜驰，原厦门新航道学校校长，雅思阅读、写作主讲，新托福写作主讲。厦门大学硕士，美国北卡罗来纳大学访问学者。监控雅思、托福考题题库十年专家，2000年开创厦门较早的雅思培训班，雅思8.5分得主，TOEFL、GRE考试几乎满分。长期从事出国留学考试、英文写作教学研究。

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精彩书摘

　　READING PASSAGE 1
　　You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based onReading Passage 1 below.
　　Classifying Societies
　　Although humans have established many types of societies throughout history, sociologists and anthropologists tend to classify different societies according to the degree to which different groups within a society have unequal access to advantages such as resources, prestige or power, and usually refer to four basic types of societies. From least to most socially complex they are clans, tribes, chiefdoms and states.
　　Clan
　　These are small-scale societies of hunters and gatherers, generally of fewer than 100 people, who move seasonally to exploit wild (undomesticated) food resources. 　　Most surviving hunter-gatherer groups are of this kind, such as the Hadza of Tanzania or the San of southern Africa. Clan members are generally kinsfolk, related by descent or marriage. Clans lack formal leaders, so there are no marked economic differences or disparities in status among their members.
　　Because clans are composed of mobile groups of hunter-gatherers, their sites consist mainly of seasonally occupied camps, and other smaller and more specialised sites. Among the latter are kill or butchery sites—locations where large mammals are killed and sometimes butchered—and work sites, where tools are made or other specific activities carried out. The base camp of such a group may give evidence of rather insubstantial dwellings or temporary shelters, along with the debris of residential occupation.
　　Tribe
　　These are generally larger than mobile hunter-gatherer groups, but rarely number more than a few thousand, and their diet or subsistence is based largely on cultivated plants and domesticated animals. Typically, they are settled farmers, but they may be nomadic with a very different, mobile economy based on the intensive exploitation of livestock. These are generally multi-community societies, with the individual communities integrated into the larger society through kinship ties. Although some tribes have officials and even a “capital” or seat of government, such officials lack the economic base necessary for effective use of power.
　　The typical settlement pattern for tribes is one of settled agricultural homesteads or villages. Characteristically, no one settlement dominates any of the others in the region. Instead, the archaeologist finds evidence for isolated, permanently occupied houses or for permanent villages. Such villages may be made up of a collection of free-standing houses, like those of the first farms of the Danube valley in Europe. Or they may be clusters of buildings grouped together, for example, the pueblos of the American Southwest, and the early farming village or small town of ?atalh?yük in modern Turkey.
　　Chiefdom
　　These operate on the principle of ranking—differences in social status between people. Different lineages (a lineage is a group claiming descent from a common ancestor) are graded on a scale of prestige, and the senior lineage, and hence the society as a whole, is governed by a chief. Prestige and rank are determined by how closely related one is to the chief, and there is no true stratification into classes. The role of the chief is crucial.
　　Often, there is local specialisation in craft products, and surpluses of these and of foodstuffs are periodically paid as obligation to the chief. He uses these to maintain his retainers, and may use them for redistribution to his subjects. The chiefdom generally has a center of power, often with temples, residences of the chief and his retainers, and craft specialists. Chiefdoms vary greatly in size, but the range is generally between about 5000 and 20,000 persons.
　　Early State
　　These preserve many of the features of chiefdoms, but the ruler (perhaps a king or sometimes a queen) has explicit authority to establish laws and also to enforce them by the use of a standing army. Society no longer depends totally upon kin relationships: it is now stratified into different classes. Agricultural workers and the poorer urban dwellers form the lowest classes, with the craft specialists above, and the priests and kinsfolk of the ruler higher still. The functions of the ruler are often separated from those of the priest: palace is distinguished from temple. The society is viewed as a territory owned by the ruling lineage and populated by tenants who have an obligation to pay taxes. The central capital houses a bureaucratic administration of officials; one of their principal purposes is to collect revenue (often in the form of taxes and tolls) and distribute it to government, army and craft specialists. Many early states developed complex redistribution systems to support these essential services.
　　This rather simple social typology, set out by Elman Service and elaborated by William Sanders and Joseph Marino, can be criticised, and it should not be used unthinkingly. Nevertheless, if we are seeking to talk about early societies, we must use words and hence concepts to do so. Service’s categories provide a good framework to help organise our thoughts.
　　Questions 1-7
　　Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
　　In boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet, write
　　TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
　　FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
　　NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
　　1 There’s little economic difference between members of a clan.
　　2 The farmers of a tribe grow a wide range of plants.
　　3 One settlement is more important than any other settlements in a tribe.
　　4 A member’s status in a chiefdom is determined by how much land he owns.
　　5 There are people who craft goods in chiefdoms.
　　6 The king keeps the order of a state by using an army.
　　7 Bureaucratic officers receive higher salaries than other members.
　　Questions 8-13
　　Answer the questions below.
　　Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
　　Write your answers in boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet.
　　8 What are made at the clan work sites?
　　9 What is the other way of life for tribes besides settled farming?
　　10 How are ?atalh?yük’s housing units arranged?
　　11 What does a chief give to his subjects as rewards besides crafted goods?
　　12 What is the largest possible population of a chiefdom?
　　13 Which group of people is at the bottom of an early state but higher than the farmers?
　　……

前言/序言

　　《9分达人系列》的出版绝非偶然。现今市面上不乏雅思阅读经典系列教材，其种类繁多，且均面临着同一个问题，即书中所收录的题目大多已过时，多数已被剑桥雅思考试委员会弃之不用，在今后的考试中也基本上不会再出现，因而这些图书远远无法满足广大考生对雅思考试最前沿信息的需求。基于上述情况，我们在对最新雅思真题精心研究和反复推敲后，结合自身经验，提笔创作了第一本《9分达人雅思阅读真题还原》。该书出版后不久便获得了广大考生的认可。不过，由于缺乏解析，该书没能为广大考生进一步解惑。众多读者在使用该教材时，纵使知道自己的答案有误，却也只知其然，而不知其所以然。因此，我们在考生和出版方的提议下为该书续写了一本解析，以满足考生对参考材料的需求，这就是现在为广大雅思考生所熟知的《9分达人雅思阅读真题还原及解析》。真题与解析的完美结合更加贴合了雅思考生的需求，并受到广大考生读者的一致好评和热情推荐。2012年夏，《9分达人雅思阅读真题还原及解析2》也经过辛勤创作与广大读者正式见面，并受到了“烤鸭”们的热烈追捧。
　　与时俱进、推陈出新是图书行业发展的必然要求，《9分达人系列》也理所当然地顺应了这一趋势。跟不上雅思考试的时代步伐，解决不了广大考生的最新难题，就无法真正实现服务于读者、服务于考生的终极目标和承诺。为此，我们投入了大量精力，细心筛选经典试题并加以还原、精心编著词汇和题目详解，并配以参考译文，最终创作出了迄今最新一代的《9分达人雅思阅读真题还原及解析3》。本书经过多番努力，现已正式出版，其中收录了最新的6套雅思阅读真题。《9分达人雅思阅读真题还原及解析3》不仅是我们的心血之作，更是考生进行考前冲刺复习、寻找考场体验、保持做题手感、训练解题方法和技巧、扩充核心阅读词汇、押中现场考题的宝典。
　　《9分达人雅思阅读真题还原及解析3》有以下几大特色：
　　一、最新雅思阅读真题完整收录。
　　为了让考生在考前调整好心态，又不失适当的训练，本书收录了2014年-2006年6套完整的最新阅读真题。这6套阅读真题与《9分达人雅思阅读真题还原及解析》和《9分达人雅思阅读真题还原及解析2》所收录的真题均不重合。考生可根据自己的实际情况选做其中的题目，然后再对 9分达人雅思阅读真题还原及解析3—新航道英语学习丛书下载 mobi epub pdf txt 电子书格式