物理學經典教材（影印版）：弦論 [String Theory in a Nutshell] 下載 mobi epub pdf 電子書 在線閱讀 2026

內容簡介

　　This is a textbook on the collection ofideas categorized under the name of "string theory." This is a large domain that has as its central goal the unification ofallinteractions including gravity. There have been several surges ofprogress in different directions in the past twenty years， and this book tries to give the student ofthe field some of the salientideas.

內頁插圖

目錄

1 Introduction
1.i Prehistory
1.2 The Case for String Theory
1.3 A Stringy Historical Perspective
1.4 Conventions
Bibliography

2 Classical String Theory
2.1 The Point Particle
2.2 Relativistic Strings
2.3 0scillator Expansions
2.3.1 00sed strings
2.3.2 0pen strings
2.3.3 The Virasoro constraints
Bibliography
Exercises

3 Quantization of Bosonic Strings
3.1 Covariant Canonical Quantization
3.2 Light-cone Quantization
3.3 Spectrum of the Bosonic String
3.4 Unoriented Strings
3.4. 1 0pen. strings and Chan-Patonfactors
3.5 Path Integral Quantization
3.6 Topologically Nontrivial World-sheets
3.7 BRST Primer
3.8 BRST in String Theory and the Physical Spectrum
Bibliography
Exercises

4 Conformal Field Theory
4.1 Conformal Transformations
4.1.1 The case oftwo dimensions
4.2 Conformally Invariant Field Theory
4.3 Radial Quantization
4.4 Mode Expansions
4.5 The Virasoro Algebra and the Central Charge
4.6 The Hilbert Space
4.7 The Free Boson
4.8 The Free Fermion
4.9 The Conformal Anomaly
4.10 Representations of the Conformal Algebra
4.11 Affine Current Algebras
4.12 Free Fermions and O(N) Affine Symmetry
4.13 Superconformal Symmetry
4.13.1 N =(1.0)2 SIAperconformal symmetry
4.13.2 N =(2.0)2 superconformal symmetry
4.13.3 N =(4.0)2 superconformal symmetry
4.14 Scalars with Background Charge
4.15 The CFT of Ghosts
4.16 CFT on the Disk
4.16.1 Free massless bosons on the dislc
4.16.2 Free masslessfern竹ions on the dislc
4.16.3 The projective plane
4.17 CFT on the Torus
4.18 Compact Scalars
4.18.1 Modular invariance
4.18.2 Decompaaification
4.18.3 The torus propagator
4.18.4 Marginal deformations
4.18.5 Multiple compaa scalars
4.18.6 Enhanced symmetry and the string Brout-Englert-lliggs effea
4.18.7 T-duality
4.19 Free Fermions on the Torus
4.20 Bosonization
4.20. 1 "Bosonization " of bosonic ghost system
4.21 0rbifolds
……
5 Scattering Amplitudes and 'Vertex Operators
6 Strings in Background Fields
7 Superstrings and Supersymmetry
8 D-branes
9 Compactifications and Supersymmetry Breaking
10 Loop Corrections to String Effective Couplings
11 Duality Connections and Nonperturbative Effects
12 Black Holes and Entropy in String Theory
13 The Bulk／Boundary Correspondence
14 String theroy and Matrix Models

精彩書摘

　　Although I wrote a short textbook in 1997， I have not yet learned my lesson. Therefore， I embarked on a direct confrontation with deadlines that， although not as spectacular as the ones in Polchinski's book， managed to wreak havoc on my academic and personal schedule. i have not even put sufhcient credence in a colleague's statement "it is never too late to stop writing a book." I can only hope now that the result was worth the effort.
　　This is a textbook on the collection of ideas categorized under the name of "string theory." This is a large domain that has as its central goal the unification of all interactions induding gravity. There have been several surges ofprogress in different directions in the past twentyyears， and this book tries to give the student ofthe field some ofthe salientideas.
　　It is not the purpose of this book to provide deep insights into the theory. I can only leave this to more competent colleagues. Its purpose is to provide the fastest possible introduction to the basic formalism and structure of string theory and its main properties and ramifications that are on a reasonably solid footing today.
　　This effort is unlike writing a textbook about the Standard Model of the fundamental interactions. It is less clear here what will turn out to be just mathematics， what will transform into real physics， and what will be neither ofthe above. However， the scope and deep interest of the endeavor， namely， to understand the basic mysteries of the universe at the most fundamental level， has driven more than a generation ofbright physicists and has provided breakthroughs in our theoretical understanding of both gravitational and gauge theories. It is this interest that drives researchers today， together with the hope that the theory will eventually be seriously confronted with experimental data.
　　There are several current and past areas of research in string theory .that have not been treated in this book. The reasons were varied. They include the subjects of the Feynman diagrams， it is obvious that there is essentially a universal three-point interaction in the theory. This interaction is dictated by the two-dimensional geometry of closed Riemann surfaces as is obvious from figure 1.2. The other related reason is the presence of an infinite tower of excitations with masses in multiples of the string scale. Their interactions are carefully tuned to become soft at distances larger than the string length ~s but still longer than the Planck length ~P.
　　For open strings the situation is subtler. There， UV divergences are present， but are interpreted as IR closed-string divergences in the dual dosed-string channel. This UV-IR open-dosed string duality is at the heart of many of the recent developments in the field.
　　Another key ingredient ofstring theoryis that it unifies gravity with gauge interactions. It does this in several different ways. The simplest is via the traditional KK approach. Super-string theory typically is defined in ten dimensions. Standard four-dimensional vacua can be obtained via compactification on a six-dimensional compact manifold. However， gauge symmetry can also arise from D-branes that sometimes are part of the vacuum （as in orientifolds）. There is even gauge symmetry coming from a nongeometrical part of the theory as happens in the heterotic string. The unified origin of gravity and gauge symmetry extends even further to other interactions. For example， the Yukawa interac-tions， crucial for giving mass to the SM particles， are also intimately related to the gauge interactions.
　　Unlike earlier Kaluza-Klein approaches to unification， string theory is capable of pro-viding， upon appropriate compactifications， chiral matter in four dimensions. This hap-pens via a subtle interplay between anomaly-related interactions and the process of compactification.
　　Another characteristic ingredient of string theory is that the presence of space-time fermions in the theory implies the appearance o

前言/序言

《弦理論導論》 本書旨在為對現代物理學前沿領域——弦理論——感興趣的讀者提供一個清晰、深入且全麵的入門。弦理論作為一種試圖統一描述所有基本粒子及其相互作用的理論框架，自問世以來便吸引瞭無數物理學傢的目光，並催生瞭諸多革命性的思想。盡管其數學框架復雜且抽象，但理解其核心概念對於把握理論物理的未來發展方嚮至關重要。 本書將循序漸進地引導讀者，從基礎的物理概念齣發，逐步構建對弦理論的認知。我們首先將迴顧經典物理學和量子場論中的關鍵要素，例如洛倫茲變換、相對論性量子力學以及場論的基本思想，為理解弦理論的誕生背景和必要性打下堅實基礎。接著，我們將介紹弦理論最核心的齣發點：將基本粒子視為不是點狀的，而是具有微小尺寸的、一維的“弦”。通過分析這些弦的振動模式，我們將看到如何自然地湧現齣不同的粒子及其性質，例如質量和電荷。 本書的一個重要部分將聚焦於弦的動力學。我們將探討弦在不同維度時空中的運動方程，以及它們如何通過相互碰撞和分裂來描述粒子之間的相互作用。這其中包括對玻色子弦理論的詳細闡述，理解其産生的基本粒子以及紫外性質。隨後，我們將引入超對稱的概念，這是現代弦理論不可或缺的一部分。超對稱將玻色子和費米子聯係起來，解決瞭標準模型中的一些難題，並使得弦理論在數學上更加完備。我們將深入分析超弦理論的五種基本類型，以及它們之間通過對偶性所展現齣的深刻聯係，例如T對偶和S對偶。 理解弦理論的數學工具也是本書的重點。我們將介紹黎曼幾何、微分幾何以及拓撲學在描述弦的幾何結構和動力學中所扮演的角色。例如，我們將探討緊緻化在高維時空中的重要性，以及如何在低維有效理論中觀測到這些額外維度的影響。此外，我們還將觸及共形場論（CFT）在弦理論中的核心地位，CFT是描述弦在共形不變時空中運動的強大工具，也是理解全息原理的關鍵。 本書還將對弦理論在解決現代物理學核心問題中的作用進行探討。其中包括其在解釋黑洞熵、量子引力以及可能統一標準模型粒子及其相互作用等方麵的潛力。我們將討論M理論的概念，它被認為是統一所有五種超弦理論的更深層次的理論框架。最後，本書將展望弦理論的未來發展方嚮，包括對不同模型的研究，以及其在宇宙學、粒子物理學以及數學等領域可能産生的深遠影響。 本書的編寫力求嚴謹而不失可讀性，通過清晰的邏輯結構和豐富的例證，幫助讀者剋服弦理論的抽象性。我們相信，通過對本書內容的學習，讀者將能夠建立起對弦理論的堅實理解，並為進一步深入研究這一迷人的物理學領域做好準備。無論您是物理學專業的學生，還是對宇宙奧秘充滿好奇的科學愛好者，本書都將是您探索弦理論世界的理想起點。